M.X: Mass Effect End Notes
The endnotes for the 10-post series about how cheap drones changed warfare.
Click here to for the rest of the series.
(1)
Carl and Marie von Clausewitz, On War, Book 6, Chapter 5 (Project Gutenberg, 2006). Failure to correctly understand the “mass effect” fueled many of the failed strategies at the outset of World War One. Ferdinand Foch and Hilaire Belloc, The Principles of War (New York, NY: Holt and company, 1920) & Richard D. Challener, The French Theory of the Nation in Arms 1866–1939 (New York, NY: Columbia University Press, 1955).
(2)
See James Rainey, "Army Futures Command,” Lecture, Command & General Staff College, FT Leavenworth Kansas, March 13, 2024, Franz-Stefan Gady and Michael Kofman, “Making Attrition Work: A Viable Theory of Victory for Ukraine,” IISS: Survival Online, February 9, 2024, Mike Knickerbocker, “Written in Black and Red: Asymmetric Threats and Affordable Unmanned Surface Vessels,” War on the Rocks, January 2, 2024. , Stephen Biddle, “Back in the Trenches,” Foreign Affairs, February 27, 2024, , Stacie Pettyjohn, “Drones Are Transforming the Battlefield in Ukraine but in an Evolutionary Fashion,” War on the Rocks, March 5, 2024, , and Jacob R. Bright, “Theory to Reality: Defensive Operations Confirm Clausewitz’s Theory,” Military Strategy Magazine, January 13, 2025.
(3)
Jack Watling and Oleksandr Danylyuk, “Preliminary Lessons from Ukraine’s Offensive Operations, 2022–23,” Royal United Services Institute, July 18, 2024.
(4)
Oupacademic, “Misquotation: ‘Reports of My Death Have Been Greatly Exaggerated,’” Oxford University Press, April 18, 2013. Mick Ryan, “Surprise Attack in Kursk,” Futura Doctrina, 09 August 2024. and Lawrence Freedman, “Ukraine’s Invasion of Kursk,” Comment is Freed, August 21, 2024. Defense also requires mass, as argued by Franz-Stefan Gady and Michael Kofman “Both sides thought that attrition favoured them.” in “Making Attrition Work: A Viable Theory of Victory for Ukraine,” IISS: Survival Online, February 9, 2024.
(5)
John Amble, “When frozen conflicts turn hot”, interview with Dr. Jack Watling of the Royal United Services Institute (RUIS), Modern War Institute, podcast audio, Oct 2020.
(6)
Carl and Marie von Clausewitz, On War, Book 6, Chapter 5 (Project Gutenberg, 2006).
(7)
“2: Soviet Military Doctrine,” essay, in FM 100-2-1 THE SOVIET ARMY: Operations and Tactics (Washington D.C.: HQ, US Army, 1984), 2-10-2–11.
(8)
Paul K. Davis, Aggregation, Disaggregation, and the 3:1 Rules in Ground Combat. Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation, 1995. See also John J. Mearsheimer, “Assessing the Conventional Balance: The 3:1 Rule and Its Critics,” International Security 13, no. 4 (Spring 1989): 54–89, https://doi.org/10.2307/2538780.
(9)
Cathal J. Nolan, The Allure of Battle: A History of How Wars Have Been Won and Lost (New York, NY, United States of America: Oxford University Press, 2019).
(10)
Field Manual (FM) 3-0, Operations (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Publishing Office, 2022) pg. A-2.
(11)
Papers cited in this paragraph:
Scharre, Paul. Army of none: Autonomous Weapons and the future of war. Old Saybrook, Conn: Tantor Media, 2018.
Abbott, Chris et al., “Hostile Drones: The Hostile Use of Drones by Non-State Actors against British Targets,” Open Briefing, December 13, 2016, .
Chávez, Kerry, & Swed, Ori (2024). The Empirical Determinants of Violent Nonstate Actor Drone Adoption. Armed Forces & Society, 50(4), 883-912. https://doi.org/10.1177/0095327X231164570
Artemii Bernatskyi et al., “Analysis of the Application of Lasers for Counter-UAV Purposes,” History of science and technology, accessed February 21, 2025.
Jack Watling, The arms of the Future: Technology and close combat in the twenty-first century. London, UK: Bloomsbury Academic, Bloomsbury Publishing Plc, 2024.
(12)
John Amble, “MWI Podcast: The Modern Commander (Dr. Anthony King),” Modern War Institute, September 6, 2024, and Stephen Biddle, “Back in the Trenches,” Foreign Affairs, February 27, 2024.
(13)
Michael C. Horowitz, “Battles of Precise Mass,” Foreign Affairs, November 19, 2024.
(14)
Jack Watling, "The Human Face of Battle,” Chief of Army Summit, Land Forces 2024, Melbourne, Australia, 12 September 2024.
(15)
“2: Soviet Military Doctrine,” FM 100-2-1 THE SOVIET ARMY.
(16)
Jack Watling and Nick Reynolds, “Tactical Developments during the Third Year of the Russo–Ukrainian War,” Royal United Services Institute, February 14, 2025.
(17)
Paul K. Davis, Aggregation, Disaggregation, and the 3:1 Rules in Ground Combat. Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation, 1995.
(18)
Jack Wtling, The arms of the Future: Technology and close combat in the twenty-first century. London, UK: Bloomsbury Academic, Bloomsbury Publishing Plc, 2024. p. 173.
(19)
Aaron Barlow, “Fire Effectively First: Capt Wayne Hughes and Salvo Equations,” War Quants, December 20, 2024.)
(20)
Wayne P. Hughes, “A Salvo Model of Warships in Missile Combat Used to Evaluate Their Staying Power,” Naval Research Logistics 42, no. 2 (March 1995): pg. 268.
(21)
Hughes, “A Salvo Model…” p. 270.
(22)
Hughes “A Salvo Model…” p. 274 & Watling, The arms of the Future 82 and 171-172.
(23)
Hughes, “A Salvo Model…” p. 271.
(24)
Watling, The arms of the Future, p. 169.
(25)
“Ukraine’s Commander-in-Chief on the Breakthrough He Needs to Beat Russia,” The Economist, November 1, 2023.
(26)
Michael Horowitz and Joshua Schwartz, “Stealth and Scale: Quality, Quantity, and Modern Military Power,” War on the Rocks, December 18, 2024.
(27)
Watling, The arms of the Future, p. 89.
(28)
US Army, “U.S. Army Unmanned Aircraft Systems Roadmap 2010-2035,” US Army UAS Center of Excellence, August 6, 2015. Also, Jeff LNU, “Drones of the Ukrainian Military,” Defense Archives, December 19, 2024, and Justin Bronk and Jack Watling. “Mass Precision Strike: Designing UAV Complexes for Land Forces.” Royal United Services Institute, April 11, 2024.
(29)
Oleksandra Molloy, “Occasional Paper No 29 - Drones in Modern Warfare: Lessons from the War in Ukraine,” Australian Army Research Centre, October 22, 2024 and Mary C. FitzGerald, “Marshal Ogarkov and the New Revolution in Soviet Military Affairs,” Center for Naval Analyses 87, no. 2 (January 1987): 1–17.
(30)
Gordon E. Moore, “Cramming More Components onto Integrated Circuits,” Electronics 38, no. 8 (April 19, 1965): pp. 114–22.
(31)
Median Home Prices. Cost of a toaster. All prices are inflation adjusted dollars via the Bureau of Labor Statistics CPI Calculator. Specs for PSN-9, PSN-11, PSN-13, and Hornet GPS.
(32)
William Stanley Jevons, The Coal Question: An Inquiry Concerning the Progress of the Nation, and the Probable Exhaustion of... Our Coal Mines (London, UK: Macmillian & Co., 1865).
(33)
Carmen Ang, “Animated Chart: The Smartphone Effect on the Camera Market,” Visual Capitalist, October 10, 2024.
(34)
Specs for IDE HD and MicroSD card (more). Newer techniques are continuing the trend, with Seagate recently claiming a new process will provide “Seagate also estimates a 25 percent reduction in cost per terabyte and a 60 percent reduction in power consumption per terabyte”. Alfonso Maruccia, “Seagate Is Now Sampling 36TB Hard Drives Based on Hamr Technology,” TechSpot, January 24, 2025.
(35)
IASE, “What Are the Different Types of Sensors in a Smartphone: IASE,” Institute Of Advanced Studies In Engineering, July 7, 2021.
(36)
Cadence, “Formula 1: How F1 Teams Use Telemetry, Control, and Analytics to Go Faster,” Life at Cadence - Cadence Blogs - Cadence Community, September 21, 2022.
(37)
Mick Ryan and Clint Hinote, “Uncrewed Systems and the Transformation of U.S. Warfighting Capacity,” War on the Rocks, February 9, 2024, , Jack Watling and Oleksandr Danylyuk, “Preliminary Lessons from Ukraine’s Offensive Operations, 2022–23,” Royal United Services Institute, July 18, 2024, and Justin Bronk & Jack Watling. “Mass Precision Strike: Designing UAV Complexes for Land Forces.” Royal United Services Institute, April 11, 2024.
(38)
Joe Barnes, “How Ukraine Is Using Mobile Phones on 6ft Poles to Stop Drones,” The Telegraph, March 26, 2024, and “The Surprising Revival of Acoustic Detection in Warfare,” The Economist, August 28, 2024.
(39)
Oleksandr Dmitriev, a founder of a Ukrainian system that centralizes and analyzes video in Thomas Maxwell, “Ukraine Is Using Millions of Hours of Drone Footage to Train AI for Warfare,” Gizmodo, December 27, 2024.
(40)
Jemal Brinson, Juanje Gómez, Daniel Michaels, and Stephen Kalin, “Drones Are Changing How Wars Are Fought,” The Wall Street Journal, January 14, 2024. In just the month of January 2025 we have models reportedly trained for a fraction of the cost and capable of being run on ever simpler devices. See: Brian Wang, “Open Source Deepseek R1 Runs at 200 Tokens per Second on Raspberry Pi,” NextBigFuture.com, January 26, 2025, and Michael Nuñez, “Hugging Face Shrinks AI Vision Models to Phone-Friendly Size, Slashing Computing Costs,” VentureBeat, January 24, 2025.
(41)
“China’s AI Firms Are Cleverly Innovating around Chip Bans,” The Economist, January 23, 2025, and podcast starting at 7:22.
(42)
Samuel Bendett, “This Is a Serious Claim That Can Potentially Alter the Battlefield,” X (formerly Twitter), January 25, 2024. , Brinson “Drones Are Changing How Wars Are Fought,”, Lara Jakes, “Not Only for Killing: Drones Are Now Detecting Land Mines in Ukraine,” The New York Times, August 24, 2024, and Molloy, “Drones in Modern Warfare”.
(43)
Specs for the H100.
(44)
James Ide, “A Tiny Radioactive Battery Could Keep Your Future Phone Running for 50 Years,” TechRadar, January 12, 2024.
(45)
Michael Kofman and Rob Lee, “Technology, the Battlefield, and beyond in Ukraine,” War on the Rocks, November 27, 2024. Also Dmytro Frolov, "ASPI Drone Roundtable” Informal Round Table with Dmytro Frolov & Dr Oleksandra Molloy, Australian Strategic Policy Institute, Canberra, AUS, 25 Oct 2024.
(46)
Rob Lee, “Video from Ukraine’s Bulava Strike Unit Showing FPV Strikes on Russian Armor in a Warehouse. Notably, Cheap Nets over the Entrances Likely Could Have Prevented These Losses,” X.com, February 20, 2024, and Michael Horowitz and Joshua Schwartz, “Stealth and Scale: Quality, Quantity, and Modern Military Power,” War on the Rocks, December 18, 2024.
(47)
James Rainey, “US Army Futures Commander at ASPI - Breakfast Roundtable” Canberra, Australia, 10 September 2024.
(48)
“On the Front Lines With Ukraine’s Killer Drone Pilot,” The Wall Street Journal, October 15, 2024.
(49)
Sean Harper, “One Million Suicide Drones with Chinese Characteristics,” War Quants, January 11, 2025.
(50)
Klaus Schwab, “The Fourth Industrial Revolution,” Foreign Affairs, December 15, 2015.
(51)
Jack Watling, "The Human Face of Battle.”
(52)
Watling, The arms of the Future, p. 87.
(53)
Watling, The arms of the Future, pp. 88-89
(54)
Frolov, "ASPI Drone Rountable” and Michael Kofman, “Technology, the Battlefield…”
(55)
Michael Kofman, “Technology, the Battlefield…”
(56)
Gustav specs.
(57)
“How Cheap Drones Are Transforming Warfare in Ukraine.” The Economist, February 5, 2024.
(58)
Watling, The arms of the Future, pg. 89 and Molloy, “Drones in Modern Warfare” and Jack Watling and Nick Reynolds, “Tactical Developments during the Third Year of the Russo–Ukrainian War,” Royal United Services Institute, February 14, 2025.
(59)
WSJ “On the Front Lines With Ukraine’s Killer Drone Pilot”.
(60)
Assumes tank speeds between 67 kph and 40 kph (road / off-road) while the drone flies at 160 kph. The scenario is a bit contrived but assumes the drone operator is only flying a single drone at time, having to start over after each attempted strike. This is effectively the best-case scenario a tank can have. Michael Kofman, “Technology, the Battlefield…” and Watling, The arms of the Future, p. 88
(61)
Watling, The arms of the Future, p. 178
(62)
William H. McRaven, The theory of special operations, Monterey, CA: Naval Post Graduate School, 1993. pp. 5-11.
(63)
Watling, The arms of the Future, pp. 170-173.
(64)
Sean Harper, “FPV Math: Precision Mass for 21st-Century Warfare,” War Quants, December 16, 2024, https://www.warquants.com/p/fpv-math-precision-mass-for-21st.
(65)
Bronk, “Mass Precision Strike: Designing UAV Complexes for Land Forces”.
(66)
Molloy, “Drones in Modern Warfare”, The Economist “How Cheap Drones Are Transforming Warfare in Ukraine.” and Trevor Phillips-Levine and Walker D. Mills, “Outgunned in the Drone Fight: The U.S. Military Is Failing to Adopt the next Machine Gun,” War on the Rocks, June 12, 2024.
(67)
Jason Ellis, “Focusing Like a Laser Beam on Directed Energy,” War on the Rocks, April 14, 2015.
(68)
Zachary Kallenborn and Marcel Plichta, “Breaking the Shield: Countering Drone Defenses,” National Defense University Press, July 15, 2024, and “How Cheap Drones Are Transforming Warfare in Ukraine.” The Economist, February 5, 2024.
(69)
Lara Seligman, “A $2M Missile vs. a $2,000 Drone: Pentagon Worried over Cost of Houthi Attacks,” Politico, December 19, 2023.
(70)
Christopher Preble, Zack Cooper, and Melanie Marlowe, “American Renewal?,” War on the Rocks, October 24, 2024.
(71)
SM3 specs and Wes Rumbaugh, “Cost and Value in Air and Missile Defense Intercepts,” CSIS, February 13, 2024.
(72)
Seligman, “A $2M Missile vs. a $2,000 Drone” and Geoff Ziezulewicz, “Navy Just Revealed Tally of Surface-to-Air Missiles Fired in Ongoing Red Sea Fight,” The War Zone, January 14, 2025.
(73)
Molloy, “Drones in Modern Warfare” and Geoff Ziezulewicz, “Navy Just Revealed Tally of Surface-to-Air Missiles Fired in Ongoing Red Sea Fight,” The War Zone, January 14, 2025.
(74)
Michael Kofman and Rob Lee, “Technology, the Battlefield, and beyond in Ukraine,” War on the Rocks, November 27, 2024.
(75)
Molloy, “Drones in Modern Warfare”, Kofman “Technology, the Battlefield, and beyond in Ukraine”, Mick Ryan and Clint Hinote, “Uncrewed Systems and the Transformation of U.S. Warfighting Capacity,” War on the Rocks, February 9, 2024, and Sean Harper, “Capability Analysis: Ai Machine Guns for Drone Short-Range Air Defense,” War Quants, January 4, 2025.
(76)
Fabrice Deprez, “Ukraine’s Pocket-Sized Answer to Russian Drones,” Foreign Policy, August 6, 2024.
(77)
Flabios Arrianos and Aubrey de Sélincourt, The Campaigns of Alexander Arrian; Translated by Aubrey de Sélincourt (Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 1971).
(78)
“How Cheap Drones Are Transforming Warfare in Ukraine.” The Economist, February 5, 2024 and Jack Watling and Nick Reynolds, “Tactical Developments during the Third Year of the Russo–Ukrainian War,” Royal United Services Institute, February 14, 2025.
(79)
Michael Kofman, “Technology, the Battlefield…” and Bronk “Mass Precision Strike…”.
(80)
Molloy, “Drones in Modern Warfare”
(81)
Paul Scharre, “28. Control,” in Four Battlegrounds: Power in the Age of Artificial Intelligence (New York, NY: W.W. Norton & Company, 2023).
(82)
Jack Watling, “Automation Does Not Lead to Leaner Land Forces,” War on the Rocks, June 12, 2024.
(83)
Brooke Rogers, "Terrorism and Socio-Economic Factors,” Lecture, King’s College London, London, UK, 19 February 2013.
(84)
Molloy, “Drones in Modern Warfare”, Michael Kofman, “Technology, the Battlefield…, and Mick Ryan and Clint Hinote, “Uncrewed Systems and the Transformation of U.S. Warfighting Capacity,” War on the Rocks, February 9, 2024.
(85)
Watling, The arms of the Future, pp. 120, 191.
(86)
Jack Watling, "The Human Face of Battle”
(87)
Richard Dobbs, J. Manyika, and Jonathan R. Woetzel, No Ordinary Disruption: The Four Global Forces Breaking All the Trends (New York, NY: PublicAffairs, 2016).
(88)
Michael Horowitz and Joshua Schwartz, “Stealth and Scale: Quality, Quantity, and Modern Military Power.”
(89)
“Chronicles (19:30),” PBS, May 2, 2024.
(90)
Samuel Bendett and David Kirichenko, “Battlefield Drones and the Accelerating Autonomous Arms Race in Ukraine - Modern War Institute,” Modern War Institute, January 10, 2025, , Molloy, “Drones in Modern Warfare” and Jack Watling, “Automation Does Not Lead to Leaner Land Forces,” War on the Rocks, June 12, 2024.
(91)
Stephen Biddle, “Back in the Trenches,” Foreign Affairs, February 27, 2024, and Amos Fox and John Nimmons, “Precisioning Our Way out of the Close Fight with John Nimmons: Revolution in Military Affairs,” Revolution in Military Affairs, January 27, 2024.
(92)
Bronk “Mass Precision Strike: Designing UAV Complexes for Land Forces” and Molloy, “Drones in Modern Warfare”.
(93)
Jack Watling, "The Human Face of Battle”
(94)
Watling, The arms of the Future, pp. 120, 191.
(95)
Watling, The arms of the Future, pp. 184-188.
(96)
Watling, The arms of the Future, pp. 131 and Mick Ryan and Clint Hinote, “Uncrewed Systems and the Transformation of U.S. Warfighting Capacity,” War on the Rocks, February 9, 2024.
(97)
Jack Watling, "Land Forces: A Diverging Trinity,” in “Decision Points: Rationalising the Armed Forces of European Medium Powers”, Routledge, London, 30 May 2021.
(98)
B. A. Friedman, “The Future of the Infantry VI,” January 6, 2025 and Marc Santora, “On E-Scooters and Atvs, Russian Forces Swarm Ukrainian Positions in the East,” The New York Times, December 31, 2024.
(99)
USMC, Force design 2030, March 2020.
(100)
Franz-Stefan Gady and Michael Kofman, “Making Attrition Work: A Viable Theory of Victory for Ukraine,” IISS: Survival Online, February 9, 2024.
(101)
Jack Watling and Oleksandr Danylyuk, “Preliminary Lessons from Ukraine’s Offensive Operations, 2022–23,” Royal United Services Institute, July 18, 2024.
(102)
Michael Kofman, “Technology, the Battlefield…’ and Gady, “Making Attrition Work...”.
(103)
Stefan Korshak, “January 11 - Day 1052 - Which War Is It?, Friends and Real Friends, Count the Booms,” January 11 - Day 1052 - Which War Is It?, Friends and Real Friends, Count the Booms, January 12, 2025.
(104)
Hughes, “A Salvo Model…” p. 270.
(105)
“Surprise lies at the foundation of all undertakings without exception…” Clausewitzs, On War, Book 3, Chapter IX; “Surprise should be regarded as the soul of every operation.” J.F.C Fuller, Foundations of the science of war, Fort Leavenworth, KS: Combat Studies Institute, US Army Command and General Staff College Press, 1926. p. 272, Mearsheimer “Assessing the Conventional Balance”, Mick Ryan, “The Battle of Kursk 2024,” Futura Doctrina, 09 August 2024, and Field Manual (FM) 3-0. Operations. (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Publishing Office, 2022). . p. 1-8. Mick Ryan et al., “Surprise and Modern War,” Lowy Institute, December 15, 2020.
(106)
Hughes, “A Salvo Model of…” and Amos Fox, “Jack Watling on the Future of Warfare and the Russian Military: Revolution in Military Affairs,” Revolution in Military Affairs Podcast, April 18, 2024.
(107)
Mick Ryan, “The Battle of Kursk 2024”.
(108)
Watling, The arms of the Future, p. 208.
(109)
Michael Kofman, “Technology, the Battlefield…’ and “How Will Mines Dropped by Drones Change Warfare?,” The Economist, January 31, 2025.
(110)
Michael Kofman and Ryan Evans, “How Ukraine Re-Introduced Dynamism into the War,” War on the Rocks Podcast, August 21, 2024, .
(111)
“Ukraine Munitions Blasts Prompt Mass Evacuations,” BBC News, March 23, 2017, and David Hambling, “Why Thermite Is Drone Bombers’ New Favorite Weapon,” Forbes, July 12, 2024.
(112)
Mick Ryan, “The Big Five - 18 January Edition,” January 18, 2025, Rob Lee, “Video from Ukraine’s Bulava Strike Unit Showing FPV Strikes on Russian Armor in a Warehouse. Notably, Cheap Nets over the Entrances Likely Could Have Prevented These Losses,” X.com, February 20, 2024, and Kateryna Hodunova, “Rostov Oblast Oil Depot Fire Continues for Third Day after Drone Strike, Russian Governor Claims,” The Kyiv Independent, August 20, 2024.
(113)
Darrick L. Wesson '9 Sustainment: Logistics" in John A. Nagl & Katie Crombe's, A Call to Action: Lessons from Ukraine for the Future Force Published by: Strategic Studies Institute, US Army War College Jun. 27, 2024 and Watling, The Arms of the Future, pp. 128-132.
(114)
Irene Loewenson, “What Marines May Be Learning from Houthi Tactics in the Red Sea,” Marine Corps Times, April 30, 2024, and Molloy, “Drones in Modern Warfare.”
(115)
Aliza Chasan, “U.S. Military Reports 1st Houthi Unmanned Underwater Vessel in Red Sea,” CBS News, February 18, 2024, and Molloy, “Drones in Modern Warfare.”
(116)
Yuliia Dysa, “Ukraine Says Naval Drone Destroys Russian Helicopter for First Time | Reuters,” Reuters, December 31, 2024.
(117)
Hughes, “A Salvo Model…”
(118)
Admiral Nelson’s “a ships a fool to fight a fort” still stands the test of time. James R. Holmes, “Anti-Access and the ‘Fortress-Fleet,’” – The Diplomat, October 8, 2013.
(119)
Ian Easton, “Hostile Harbors: Taiwan’s Ports and Pla Invasion Plans,” Project 2049 Institute, July 22, 2021, and Molloy, “Drones in Modern Warfare.”
(120)
Erik Davis, “Floating Piers and Sinking Hopes: China’s Logistics Challenge in Invading Taiwan,” The Strategist, August 27, 2024.
(121)
Aaron Chambers, William Mitchell, and David Bradfield, “Fighting Ghosts: Passive Integrated Air Defenses,” War on the Rocks, January 27, 2025.
(122)
Chambers, “Fighting Ghosts.”
(123)
John Tirpak, “Kendall: USAF Should Take over Air Base Defense from Army,” Air & Space Forces Magazine, November 5, 2024.
(124)
William Giannetti, “Beyond Concorde: Fod Detection in the Twenty-First Century,” Air Force Safety Center, February 28, 2024.
(125)
Mark Rober, “I Tried Building My Own Space Satellite,” YouTube, November 30, 2024.
(126)
Babak Shakouri Hassanabadi, “Space Force and International Space Law,” The Space Review: Space Force and international space law, accessed February 3, 2025.
(127)
Malcolm Davis, “The Starship Revolution in Space,” The Strategist, October 16, 2024.
(128)
Daniel Moore, Offensive Cyber Operations: Understanding Intangible Warfare, Hurst Publishers, 2022. chps 1 & 2.
(129)
Neil Briscoe, “Three Digital Boxes That Saved Ukraine’s Government Data,” The Irish Times, December 8, 2022.
(130)
Brad Smith, “Defending Ukraine: Early Lessons from the Cyber War,” Microsoft On the Issues, January 29, 2025.
(131)
Hew Strachan, “The Changing Character of War in a Multi-Polar World,” New Zealand International Review 35, no. 1 (2010): pp. 2–7, http://www.jstor.org/stable/45236000.
(132)
C. J. Chivers, The Gun (New York, NY: Simon & Schuster Paperbacks, 2011).
(133)
Trevor Phillips-Levine and Walker D. Mills, “Outgunned in the Drone Fight: The U.S. Military Is Failing to Adopt the next Machine Gun,” War on the Rocks, June 12, 2024.
(134)
Richard Hundley, “Past Revolutions, Future Transformations: What Can the History of Revolutions in Military Affairs Tell Us about Transforming the U.S. Military? | Rand,” RAND, 1999.
(135)
Alisa Laufer and Matthew Moellering, “Drones, Automation, and how ARSOF is Adapting”, Interview with Dr Jack Watling of the Royal United Services Institute (RUSI), Irregular Warfare Institute, Podcast audio, 30 May 2024. See also Bronk, Justin, and Jack Watling. “Mass Precision Strike: Designing UAV Complexes for Land Forces”.
(136)
“The Battle between Drones and Helicopters in Ukraine,” The Economist, September 4, 2024, and Kofman, “Technology, the Battlefield…”
(137)
Democura, “Strange Defeat,” Strange Defeat - by Democura, March 2, 2025.
(138)
Horowitz (2024) “Stealth and Scale…”